Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae (dog family)
Genus: Canis (Latin word meaning "dog")
Species: lupus (Greek word meaning "wolf")
Common names: gray wolf, timber wolf
Names in other languages: Lobo (Spanish), Loup (French), Lupo (Italian), Varg (Swedish), Ulv (Norwegian)
Physical CharacteristicsAverage body mass: males 110 pounds (50 kg); females 90 pounds (41 kg)
Heaviest known wolf in Yellowstone: 148 pounds (wolf 760M of Yellowstone Delta pack with no food in stomach)
Average height at shoulder: males 81 cm, females 77 cm
Average length: 181 cm
Eyes: blue at birth, light yellow to gold to brown as an adult
Number of bones: 319 males, 318 females
Number of teeth: 42
Dental formulae: incisors 3 top/3 bottom, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4, molars 3/2 (on each side)
Pelage: gray or black (ratio 50:50), rarely white
Black coat color: caused by K-locus gene thought to have originated from historic hybridization with domestic dogs 500-14,000 years ago
Locomotion: tetrapedal, digitigrade
Average rate of speed: 5 miles/hour (8 kph)
Top speed: 35 miles/hour (56 kph)
Body temperature: 100-102.5 F (37.3-39.1 C)
Respiration: 10-30 breathes per minute
Heart rate: 70-120 beats per minute
Bite pressure: 1,200 psi
Senses and CommunicationSmell: excellent, although unmeasured. Estimated to be thousands of times better than humans
Vision: excellent night vision; no red or green cones, but have blue and yellow cones
Hearing: little is known, but probably similar to dogs (relatively normal hearing abilities compared to other mammals)
Howling function: many uses, including intrapack communication, advertising territory, coordinating social activities
Distance howling can be heard: forest=11km (6.6 mi), open areas=16 km (9.6 mi)
DietFeeding habits: generalist carnivore; scavenges when possible and has been known to eat small amounts of vegetation
Primary food sources in Yellowstone: Winter: elk (>96%), bison (3-4% and increasing in recent years; deer (1.5%); Spring: elk (89%), bison (7%), deer (7.1%); Summer: elk (85%), bison (14.1%), deer (5 years old: 18%
Current North American population: 67,100-74,100 (53,600-57,600 of these in Canada)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (northern range): 274 km2 (range=58-1,151 km2)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (interior): 620 km2 (range=105-1675 km2)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (park-wide): 428 km2
Group of wolves: pack/ family (one of few eusocial species)
Average pack size in Yellowstone: 9.8
Largest pack recorded in Yellowstone: Druid Peak, 37 wolves (2001); may be the largest ever recorded (42 wolves seen together in Wood Buffalo National Park (1974) but unknown if they were a single pack)
Percent of population that are lone wolves in Yellowstone: 2-5%
Percent of population that are lone wolves in North America: 10-15%
Sex ratio: 50:50
Breeding and PupsMating: usually monogamous, but about 25% of packs have multiple breeding pairs under polygymous matings
Courtship: mid-February
Gestation: 63 days
Birth period: mid-April
Birth location: den
Typical dens: excavated under large roots, boulders, hillsides, caves with a tunnel leading to an enlarged chamber; several entrances and chambers may be present
Den emergence: 10-14 days
Average litter size in Yellowstone: 4.4 at den emergence, 3.2 survive until late December
Maximum litter size recorded in Yellowstone: 11
Split litters: multiple fathers per litter have not been detected in wild gray wolves
Weaning: 5-9 weeks from milk, then brought food (regurgitation) for another 3 months
Milk content: 6.6% fat; 144 kCal per 100 grams
Rendezvous sites: used as wolf pups get older as a central homesite; time spent there and number of homesites varies widely between packs
Average female age at first litter in Yellowstone: 2.7
Oonset of female reproduction senescence: 4-5 years
Interbirth interval: can be every year
Eyes open: 12-14 days
Dispersal: both sexes, YNP average age 2 years, 1 month; range 1-4 years
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