Permutation tests are amongst the most commonly used statistical tools in modern genomic research, a process by which p-values are attached to a test statistic by randomly permuting the sample or gene labels. Yet permutation p-values published in the genomic literature are often computed incorrectly, understated by about 1/m, where m is the number of permutations. The same is often true in the more general situation when Monte Carlo simulation is used to assign p-values. Although the p-value understatement is usually small in absolute terms, the implications can be serious in a multiple testing context. The understatement arises from the intuitive but mistaken idea of using permutation to estimate the tail probability of the test statistic. We argue instead that permutation should be viewed as generating an exact discrete null distribution. The relevant literature, some of which is likely to have been relatively inaccessible to the genomic community, is reviewed and summarized. A computation strategy is developed for exact p-values when permutations are randomly drawn. The strategy is valid for any number of permutations and samples. Some simple recommendations are made for the implementation of permutation tests in practice.
The Understatement of the Year PDF book by Sarina Bowen (The Ivy Years #3) Read Online or Free Download in ePUB, PDF or MOBI eBooks. What happened in high school stayed in high school. Until now. Five years ago, Michael Graham betrayed the only person who ever really knew him. Since then. What happened in high school stayed in high school. Until now. Five years ago, Michael Graham betrayed the only person who ever really knew him. Since then, he s made an art of hiding his sexual orientation from everyone. Including himself.
understatement of the year epub 12
Fast forward to their college years. Graham is a star hockey player at Harkness college. He dates and sleeps with women. He is so deeply in the closet and has molded himself so tight that he never, ever wants to let on for a single instance that he might be gay.
In subsequent work, the ovulation rate associated with the high allele has been higher than reported here with an average of four ova for carriers versus one for non-carriers (unpublished). Multiple causes may contribute to the lesser difference between carrier and non-carriers reported here and include possible increase in ovulation rate with age, as has been observed previously for polygenic ovulation rate [53], and possible inaccuracy in ultrasonic evaluation (BWK) leading to understatement of true ovulation rate for carrier females. Corpora lutea diameter in carrier females is significantly smaller than in non-carriers which may have led to some errors in corpora lutea count in the initial group of females (average count rose from 1.51 0.38 to 1.88 0.81 CL from the first to third years of evaluation). One might expect that the presence of MARC twinner genetics within the herd would contribute to an overstatement of ovulation rate, however that contribution would be equivalent for both carrier and non-carrier females, apart from interaction between loci, and MARC twinner genetics comprised a small part of the genetic make-up of the herd as evidenced by the modest twinning rate within the herd in the year preceding the onset of this study (5%). Anecdotal evidence of the understatement of ovulation rate comes also from an abortion rate among carrier females in the UW herd in excess of 50% with the observable late term abortions typically being triplet and quadruplet pregnancies. For practical application of this allele it will be necessary to modulate ovulation rate. Nutritional, hormonal, or physical approaches may be ways to achieve this. The increase of ovulation rate in response to increased energy and/or protein in the diet of swine and sheep is well known [54] and the opposite treatment might reduce ovulation rate for this allele. Regarding hormonal treatment, research with ewes possessing the BMPR1B allele has demonstrated the ability to reduce ovulation rate through administration of estradiol [55], presumably due to negative feedback effects on follicle stimulating hormone release from the pituitary. Finally, selective ablation of follicles by ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration would be a means of specifically reducing ovulation rate to two ova, preferentially bi-lateral ovulation, maximizing chances for twin pregnancy [56].
What is the amount of the debit and the credit?Answer $1,000. Computation: 12% per year is 1% per month X $100,000 = $1,000 per month. Another method is Principal X Rate X Time = $100,000 X .12 X 1/12 = $1,000. As of December 31, the company owes just one month of interest. When the note becomes due, the company will have to remit six months of interest for a total of $6,000 ($100,000 X .12 X 6/12).
What is the amount of the debit and the credit?Answer $1,000. Computation: 12% per year is 1% per month X $100,000 = $1,000 per month. Another method is Principal X Rate X Time = $100,000 X .12 X 1/12 = $1,000.As of December 31 the bank has earned just one month of interest. When the note becomes due, the bank will collect six months of interest for a total of $6,000 ($100,000 X .12 X 6/12).
Harold Averkamp (CPA, MBA) has worked as a university accounting instructor, accountant, and consultant for more than 25 years. He is the sole author of all the materials on AccountingCoach.com. Read more about the author.
"Curtis Stone has artfully blended my three favorite things - entrepreneurship, independence and sustainable food production into one amazing book. He has also done so in a way that lowers the entry point for anyone who is truly motivated to no longer have any excuse for not getting started. To say I recommend this book highly is a gross understatement. I consider it required reading for anyone with a goal to start a business, not matter what niche they end up in."Jack Spirko, TheSurvivalPodcast.com
"If factory farms are not the solution to the biggest issue of our time - how to feed 9 billion people without cooking the planet - what can we do? Grow more food in the cities where we live. Urban agriculture is a tradition dating back thousands of years as well as an innovation reshaping modern city design. It's also a lure for a growing number of idealists drawn by a vision of reconnecting with the land while becoming part of the solution. But hold on. Anyone who's tried it as a business knows there's more to urban agriculture than romance. It takes hard work and common sense - two gifts Curtis Stone has in spades, and he's always been generous with sharing it. Local growers have appreciated the lectures and workshops where he spells out the dollars and sense behind growing city food. Now readers everywhere have the opportunity to tap into this valuable resource. If you're going to invest in your future as city food grower, start with a copy of The Urban Farmer."David Tracey, author of Guerrilla Gardening and Urban Agriculture
When I first heard Jack Daly speak at the national conference earlier this year, I just knew we had to bring him to Milwaukee. He takes powerful material, adds his personal street smarts and actual experience, and delivers a wallop of words that every CEO needs to hear once in a while. And I want my top sales person to hear the same message with me.
Outstanding Sales Coach and Key Note Speaker!! Jack has been the most talked about speaker at our industry annual conference (NACCB) for the last few years. Very high energy and packs a ton of great ideas into his presentations regarding increasing sales, increasing organizational efficiencies, and improving company culture! I highly recommend Jack!!
Animal models of AAA support the link between FDG uptake and both growing size and biological activities [60] (Figures 6 and 7). English et al. used rats that were exposed to intra-aortic porcine pancreatic elastase and underwent daily subcutaneous injection of β-aminopropionitrile (an inducer of AAA rupture) in one group and saline in the remaining rats [92]. All the rats underwent sequential FDG micro-PET examinations, and rupture was monitored by radiotelemetry. FDG uptake associated with inflammation in the AAA wall and focally increased at future sites of rupture in comparison to the control rats (Figure 8). To date, there have been few studies evaluating aneurysm outcomes relative to FDG uptake in humans. In the studies reporting rupture as the endpoint in patients with FDG PET/CT, the site of rupture almost always spatially co-localize with an area of uptake [82, 93]. Studying 53 patients with aortic aneurysms, Nchimi et al. found that a higher rate of a composite outcome (rupture, dissection, or growth > 1 cm) occurred in patients within two years after a PET/CT examination showing a visually increased 18F-FDG uptake [94] (Figure 9). This replicates smaller series reported earlier by Sakalihasan et al. observing 26 patients [82] and Xu et al. observing 5 patients [93].
Future imaging tools for assessing the risk of rupture include the progress of current clinical imaging techniques and widespread use of other technical concepts. Among the promises raised from novel assessment of routinely used techniques is textural image analysis. In a recent study involving 50 patients with AAA, among whom 40 underwent ultrasound follow-up for one year after initial PET/CT, it was reported that the signal heterogeneity of the aneurismal wall components on CT correlated well with FDG uptake, thus reflecting the metabolic activity [99]. Further, CT signal heterogeneity and FDG uptake were strong predictors for expansion. MRI also offers many opportunities for rupture risk assessment in AAAs, one of which is DWI. The similarity between DWI and FDG PET in aortic aneurysm has so far been reported only once in a patient with an aortic arch aneurysm (100) (Figure 10) [100]. Tissue perfusion is another prospect of MRI, aimed at evaluating periaortic neoangiogenesis as a marker of instability, as shown in preliminary reports [101, 102]. 2ff7e9595c
Comentarios